According to existing reports, the use of UASS to carry out chemical spraying covers most parts of the world. UASS have been developed rapidly during recent years as a spray tool for the application of plant protection products ( He et al., 2018 Wang L.

They are operated by a control system and comprise sensors to spray plant protection products. Unmanned Aerial Spraying Systems (UASS) consist drones that carry a spraying device. Further efforts are still necessary to better assess the drift characteristics of UASS, establish drift models from typical models, crops, and climate environments, and discuss standard methods for measuring UASS drift. However, this drift could be effectively reduced by optimizing the structural layout of the rotor and spraying system, adjusting the operating parameters, and establishing a drift buffer zone. This study highlights that due to most of these features, the drift of UASS may be inevitable. The distinctive features of UASS comprise the existence of one or more rotors, relatively higher spraying altitude, faster-flying speed, and limited payload. This review summarizes UASS characteristics, spray drift and the factors affecting UASS drift, and further research that still needs to be developed. They boast different benefits such as reduced applicator exposure, high operating efficiency and are unconcerned by field-related constraints (ground slope, ground resistance).

The use of UASS as a spraying tool for Plant Protection Products is currently explored and applied worldwide. 3Institut Français de la Vigne et du vin (IFV), Montpellier, FranceĪlthough drift is not a new issue, it deserves further attention for Unmanned Aerial Spraying Systems (UASS).2UMR ITAP, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.

1National Center for International Collaboration Research on Precision Agricultural Aviation Pesticides Spraying Technology, College of Electronic Engineering and Artificial Intelligence, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.

Pengchao Chen 1, Jean Paul Douzals 2*, Yubin Lan 1*, Eric Cotteux 2, Xavier Delpuech 3, Guilhem Pouxviel 2 and Yilong Zhan 1

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